Facial analysis in patients with orofacial cleft using a 3D stereo-photogrammetric camera system: A systematic integrative revie

Abstract

Facial analysis plays a crucial role on the treatment of orofacial clefts, offering valuable insights into facial morphology and symmetry. The emergence of three-dimensional stereophotogrammetric systems has revolutionized facial assessment, providing precise and objective measurements for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. This study aims to review the application of 3D stereophotogrammetric systems in facial analysis among patients with orofacial clefts and evaluate the utility of these systems in quantifying facial asymmetry, assessing treatment outcomes, and guiding surgical interventions in this population. A systematic review of relevant literature was conducted to identify studies utilizing 3D stereophotogrammetric systems for facial analysis in patients with orofacial clefts. Articles were selected based on predetermined inclusion criteria, including study design, patient population, and outcome measures. This review covered a total of 775 articles, followed by a deletion of duplicates articles. 49 of them were related to 3D stereophotogrammetric. Within which 19 provided the data sufficient for the purpose of this review. The discussion section examines key findings such as clinical outcomes, abnormal appearance, surgical protocols to repair cleft, 3D documentation and measurements of facial asymmetry, facial anthropometric landmarks, comparison between 2D with 3D facial analyses, advantages, and limitations of three-dimensional stereo-photogrammetric camera, assessment of facial asymmetry measurements between cleft and noncleft and clinical relevance. 3D stereophotogrammetric camera systems represent a valuable tool for facial analysis in patients with orofacial clefts, enabling precise measurements, objective assessment of facial asymmetry, and insights into treatment outcomes, facilitating personalized care, optimizing aesthetic, and functional outcomes for affected individuals.